Beans: cultivation and care in the open field, when to collect from the garden with a photo

Cultivation of each crop has its own characteristics, requires strict adherence to the rules of care. Only then can you get a good harvest and provide yourself with food for a certain period. Next, consider the cultivation and care of beans in the open field.

Description of the plant

There are many varieties of this plant, which is a storehouse of fiber and vegetable proteins for humans. Legumes have been known since ancient times. They were grown by our ancestors in large quantities, as they were the main source of food.Being very nutritious and useful, they deservedly occupied most of the area in the gardens of people in the countryside.

In addition to a large number of useful trace elements, the leguminous plant brings another benefit. After the autumn digging of the soil, along with its stem and root parts, the earth is perfectly fertilized.

Legumes are annuals. They have an upright stem, can grow from 40 to 120 cm.

Leaves are unpaired or paired, depending on the variety. In the process of growth, the beans develop a powerful rhizome. During flowering form whole inflorescences. The fruits appear in the form of pods. They can be of various lengths and widths. It depends on the variety and the sufficiency of obtaining nutrients during the growth process. Inside the pod are and gradually ripen the seeds. Their color range, overall yield, fruit ripening period, resistance to cold and temperature changes vary depending on the crop.

Types and varieties of beans

Popular legume varieties today are valued for their exceptional taste, along with nutrition and benefits for the human body.

There is a conditional modern gradation of legumes into main groups:

1. Northern varieties. Such species give high yields in regions with temperate and colder climatic conditions.
2. Western European. Occupies fields in hot, southern regions, where dry conditions are frequent companions in growing crops.

Depending on the region, the degree of maturation and other parameters, you can choose the variety that is most suitable for growing in a particular area. To date, some preferences have formed among consumers of legumes. Which, of course, affects the development of agriculture in this direction.

Belarusian

The name comes from the country where the culture originated. The variety appeared in 1950. Mid-season peeling look. Approximately 100 days pass from the moment of sowing to the appearance of fruits. Flowering occurs 25 days after germination. The stem reaches a height of 50 to 100 cm. The length of the pod is about 10 cm. The seeds are elongated and have a pale brown color. Great for canning.

Windsor

There are white and green subspecies. Bred more than two centuries ago by breeders from England. Medium ripeness. From sowing to fruit ripening takes about 120 days. The white variety ripens 10 days longer. The stem part of these crops often exceeds a meter height. The pods are small. Their shape is slightly curved and swollen. Inside, 2 large flat green fruits are usually placed. It is rare to find 3 or 4 pieces.

Russian Black

The legumes got their name in 1943 because of the color of the seeds - dark purple. Fruits are oval, slightly oblong, wrinkled, medium early ripeness. Ripens 90 days after sowing. The pod is about 8 cm long, slightly curved. Due to the lack of a pigment layer, it can be eaten whole.

Due to cold resistance, the variety is planted in the northern regions. The height of the bush sometimes reaches 110 cm, but there are also lower - from 60 cm;

Virovskie

Mid-early variety. The stem is erect, reaches a height of 1 meter. There can be 3-4 fruits in a pod. Large matte, have a milky or lemon yellow color. The bob itself is slightly curved. Its length is 9 cm. Seeds ripen 100 days after sowing. The stem part of the culture can be 80-90 cm high. Resistant to many diseases.

Features of growing beans

Beans are moisture-loving. They give high yields with good watering during the flowering of the crop. They can grow even on heavy soils with a dense structure.

The main requirement for it is sufficient fertilization. Soil rich in organic matter will help to get a high yield.

Before growing, the seeds themselves should be prepared. This implies some stimulation of growth and disinfection. Which, after planting in open ground, will lead to the speedy germination of the bean and relieve pest attacks during the development of the stem part of the plant.

Outdoor planting

Beans can be planted outdoors in early spring due to their cold tolerance. But still it is better to wait for the earth to warm up a little, while remaining quite wet.Planting dates will vary from region to region. Here you have to choose the optimal conditions and time yourself.

1. Choosing a place for sowing. A plot where cabbage, potatoes or cucumbers were previously grown is suitable. It is not worth planting legumes in the same place for two years in a row. It is necessary to ensure crop rotation.
2. Autumn composting. Humus or mullein will do. For 1 sq. m to scatter 3 kg of substance. Fertilizers with a high nitrogen content for legumes will not work. Therefore, when using chicken manure, you need to be careful. The addition of superphosphates will be very helpful.
3. Preparation of seeds. It is not a complicated procedure. Can be easily handled at home. First you need to select mature ones.Eliminate seeds with pests. These can be identified by the presence of a hole on the surface of the bean. An insect or its larva often hides there. Further, it will be enough to soak the selected seeds in warm water for at least 10-15 hours. The optimum temperature will be +50. You can leave them there for a day. This will help the bean's thick skin open up faster after sowing. It will also be useful to carry out disinfection. For these purposes, various formulations are sold in specialized stores, with which instructions are attached.

Preparing the soil for planting

Spring soil preparation involves loosening the top layer and spreading the rows. The aisle should be 45-50 cm. This will facilitate further care of the crop and enable the rhizome to develop normally. In well-moistened soil, spread the seeds at a distance of about 15 cm. Calculate the depth within 5-7 cm.

For legumes, you can use a combined planting with other vegetables. Then the seeds are planted in the aisles. This approach will ensure the disposal of garden crops from aphids. Some time after sowing, it is necessary to regularly moisten the soil until the sprouts appear.

Date of planting seeds

Beans are not very demanding on heat, but they like good lighting. Shoots will also appear in cool climatic conditions. Therefore, beans can be sown outdoors in early spring. They are not afraid of even small frosts. Resistant to -4°C. Comfortable conditions for the development and formation of fruits + 22°C. High temperatures are detrimental to the culture - leaves fall, fruits do not ripen.

Bean Care Tips

A bed with legumes should be periodically weeded. Although their root system does not allow the appearance of a large number of weeds around the bush, it will still be useful to loosen the soil around the crop. When the plant reaches about 50 cm, you can spud it. What will make the culture sustainable.

The second such hilling should be done before the formation of fruits. In this case, you contribute to protecting the culture from possible diseases.

How and with what to fertilize?

After weeding, complex liquid organic mineral compounds are introduced into the aisles. Fertilize the crop with the expectation of 1 square. m soil maximum 10 g of superphosphate, 5 g of potassium s alt and the same amount of ammonium nitrate.

How to tie?

Varieties that are tall should be tied up for greater stability to prevent the pods from touching the soil. Their dense contact with the ground can lead to rotting of the fruit. Effective tying involves attaching the raised stem portion to pegs inserted into the soil next to the bush. They will become a pillar of culture.

You can additionally pull a strong cord or wire through the entire row of peg for greater stability of the structure.

During the flowering period, it is important to pinch the tops of the plant. This will effectively protect the shoots from aphids. The insect feeds on the juice of young bean shoots. The tops are cut to about 10 cm. This will also help future fruits ripen evenly.

If aphids nevertheless appeared, it is necessary to urgently treat crops from these pests with a solution of "Karbofos", other compounds or a decoction of dandelions. Severely infected plants should be cut off.

Beans can be attacked by codling moth. It has the appearance of a brown butterfly. The danger is that the pest lays eggs not only on the leaves, but also inside the fruit. From which yellow bean-eating caterpillars emerge. Fentiuram and Phosphamide will save from these insects. Spraying is carried out according to the instructions.

You can ward off the codling moth in advance by sowing legumes with mustard. Legumes are also susceptible to a fungal disease called anthracosis. It affects the aerial part of cultures. A sign of the appearance of the disease is brown-red spots on the surface of the leaves. If left untreated, the plant will shed its leaves.

Watering the beans

Regular watering is important to ensure during the flowering period. Further care must be taken to avoid constant waterlogging of the soil. This threatens with the appearance of a "black leg" - rotting of the stem part of the plant.

When and how to harvest beans?

Culture maturity varies by region. The periods of harvesting legumes are different due to the purpose and further use of the fruits.

Based on this, several stages can be distinguished:

1. For eating green pods. They should be juicy and tender. Such fruits are harvested during milky ripeness, which occurs 12-14 days after flowering. Picking starts from the bottom of the stems, where the beans ripen first. These pods are suitable for salads, side dishes.
2. For further storage or for planting seeds. Such a crop is removed from the garden when the pods begin to darken and crack right on the stem. Dried beans are used to make soups or side dishes.

Seeds retain their similarity for 5 or even 10 years. For better preservation, it is recommended to store them in a dry and dark place.

How to store beans for the winter?

When the entire crop is harvested, the remaining stem part is cut off. The earth with a rhizome is dug up before wintering. The root and stalk of beans make good soil compost that will enrich it with nitrogen. Store beans in many ways.

Drying

Thus, you can prepare ripe pods, fruits. Do not dry them in direct sunlight. Harvest should be laid out in the shade, in a well-ventilated area or outside, but brought into the house at night.

Freeze

Only green pods or fruits are frozen. Washed, blanched, hermetically packed and sent to freezers. There they can be stored for 8-12 months.

Preservation

Green legumes and pods are also used. After blanching, place in a sterile container. Next, pour hot brine, prepared to taste, and pasteurized for about 1.5 hours at +80°C. You can preserve not separately, but in the form of a variety of salads, combining with any vegetables and herbs. There are many similar recipes that can be found in cookbooks or on the Internet.

If you have land that is suitable for growing vegetables. Worth a try to sow the beans. You will get a double benefit. Harvest this very useful crop and at the same time enrich the soil on the site thanks to the ability of legumes to fertilize the soil.

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