How beans grow: cultivation and care in the open field in the country with a photo

Different varieties of beans are grown by many gardeners in summer cottages. The culture has a number of useful properties and requires a responsible approach to cultivation. In order to get a bountiful harvest and not waste time and money in vain, it is important not only to know how the beans should grow, but also to follow the basic agricultural techniques, the rules of planting and care.

Vegetable beans - description of garden crops

An annual herbaceous plant belongs to the legume family. The average plant height is 60 cm. The stem forms lateral shoots, the roots with a rod structure penetrate to a depth of about 1 m.During the period of active ripening, the beans produce fruits in the form of pods with beans. The leaves of the plant are voluminous, rich green in color, oval in shape. When flowering, inflorescences of white, pink or purple are formed on the stems. The bean farming technique depends on the cultivated variety and allows you to get pods with beans ranging in size from 6 to 15 cm.

Varieties and types of beans

There is a wide variety of types of beans that differ in maturity, growing characteristics and taste characteristics. To obtain a good and mature harvest, you need to choose varieties in accordance with the conditions where the sowing will be carried out. When planting in a temperate climate, you can use varieties of medium and late ripening. In regions with frequent rainfall, it is better to grow early-ripening varieties that will give the first fruits a couple of months after sowing.

According to taste properties, bean varieties are divided into shelling, sugar and semi-sugar. The former are distinguished by the fact that their wings are unsuitable for food, but they are easy to clean after drying. The other two varieties can be used in cooking along with the pods even when the beans are not fully ripe.

How to process beans before sowing

Proper planting of beans requires preliminary seed preparation before planting. The seed needs to be warmed up, it is better to do it naturally. To do this, it is enough to leave the seeds in the open air at a temperature of about 30 degrees.

If weather conditions do not allow heating, you can use an electric dryer.

After that, the seeds need to be soaked in warm water for a day.

Where is the best place to plant beans - choosing a site on the site

Crop should be grown in a place with good natural light, without drafts and strong winds.

The type of soil does not really matter, but practice shows that the plant germinates poorly when planted in clay soil.

This is due to the low permeability of moisture, causing the root system to rot.

Bean predecessors

For active and proper growth of the crop, it is recommended to choose potatoes, pumpkin, cabbage and various root varieties as predecessors for beans. Beans should not be sown after sunflower cultivation, as the soil will be littered with carrion and there will be a risk of destruction of plants by gray and white rot.

Secondary crops cannot be placed in the same place, since the next year the likelihood of developing diseases increases significantly.You can re-plant beans on the site no earlier than after 5 years. Legumes themselves serve as good predecessors for any crops, subject to the rules of agricultural technology. Plants saturate the soil with nitrogen and leave the earth cleared of weeds after harvesting.

Soil requirements for planting

The soil for sowing legumes should have a normal alkaline reaction. Soil that is too acidic can result in stunted growth and reduced yields. Dolomite flour or wood ash powder helps to reduce the acidity of the earth. If before planting it is not possible to measure the level of acidity, just in case, add ash to the hole for better germination.

Sandy and heavy clay areas are not suitable for growing crops. The soil should be light, fertile and moderately drained. Before direct planting, you need to clear the ground of weeds and residues of previous plants.

Illumination

All varieties of beans are plants that require intense lighting. For ripening, a day length of no more than 10-12 hours is sufficient.

Starting sowing, it is better to know in advance about the upcoming daylight hours in the forecast.

If the light is good, the plants will quickly move to the fruiting stage and form a large crop. In areas with longer daylight hours than the plant requires, the seeds are planted in the second half of summer or the beds are covered with opaque frames with covering material.

It is important to comply with strict requirements for the illumination of the beds only at the beginning of the development of seedlings. With further growth, the beans continue to develop and bear fruit with less dependence on light. In addition, breeders have bred several varieties that are immune to the length of daylight hours.

How to plant beans in the country - a description of the planting process

Knowing how to properly plant bean seeds, it will be possible to create suitable conditions for active vegetation. The most acceptable and common option for planting beans is an ordinary pattern. Seeds should be planted at a depth of about 5 cm every 20-25 cm. Optimum row spacing is 30-40 cm.

For planting, you need to carefully dig holes and place a few seeds in each.

Immediately after sowing, the land is watered and compacted. To speed up germination, the soil can be covered with a protective film or non-woven fibrous material.

Date of planting

You can sow beans at any time from early spring to early August. As a rule, planting of beans begins simultaneously with the mass flowering of chestnut. In the southern regions, legumes can be grown as a re-crop after harvesting previously planted vegetable crops.

Multiple sowings with an interval of 10-12 days allows you to harvest a fresh crop for a long time. It is enough to take a small bed and periodically pick the pods before direct cooking.

Boarding process

Having prepared the seeds, you need to dig holes in the beds, observing spatial isolation, and apply fertilizer to them. Several seeds are poured into each recess, and after the formation of the first leaves on the seedlings, only 3 seedlings are left. The remaining seedlings can be carefully transplanted or removed.

The nuances of planting bean seeds depend on the soil and other conditions in which the plant is grown.

For example, when using the seedling method, sprouted beans are transplanted into the ground according to a scheme that differs from simple sowing.

Outdoor

Most often, beans in summer cottages are grown in beds, so before sowing, you should familiarize yourself with when to plant plants in open ground.The culture does not tolerate low temperatures, so sowing in open soil is carried out when the upper layers warm up to +12 … +14 degrees. It is also important to pass the risk of late spring frosts.

Beans are best grown away from tall trees and shrubs that can block natural light. In addition to shading, you should avoid areas where there is a possibility of through wind.

In the greenhouse

If environmental conditions do not allow growing legumes in the beds, you can plant the seeds in a greenhouse. Planted plants can produce early and late harvests when planted at intervals of 1-2 weeks. The best variety for planting in a greenhouse is considered to be bush, which takes up a lot of space, but at the same time gives a high and stable yield.

In the suburbs

Climatic and soil conditions on the territory of the Moscow region allow planting mainly low-growing bush varieties. Sowing and cultivation are carried out in open ground in mid-May. Adhering to the indications of the lunar calendar, it is better to start sowing during the phase of the growing moon.

The beds in the Moscow region have been prepared since autumn by digging a shovel under the bayonet and applying phosphorus-potassium top dressing. At the beginning of spring, the earth is loosened and treated with nitrogen fertilizer.

In Siberia and the Urals

Growing beans in Siberia and the Urals requires compliance with a number of rules. Most varieties of the crop do not take root in regions with short summers, so it is important to know how to grow plants for a large harvest.

In particular, the following recommendations should be considered:

1. Because of the short season, it is better to pick early-ripening varieties.
2. Seeds are best planted dried, without pre-soaking.
3. Climbing varieties need to be tied up, as frequent rainfall can knock down sprouts.
4. When a cold snap sets in, it is better to cover the plants with film material.

Features of growing in the country

When growing beans in a summer cottage, planting technology is standard, but there are several care features. Seeds are preheated and soaked, due to which they germinate quickly. Thick cotyledons need plenty of moisture to swell, and insufficient watering can lead to stunted growth.

The longer the shift stays in the soil, the higher the risk of pest infestation. Pre-sowing soaking activates the germination process and shortens the overall growing period.

Asparagus beans

Asparagus bean seeds can be grown both outdoors and at home. Low-growing varieties are best planted in a separate container or in peat pots for further transplantation.

String beans do not require additional lighting, it is enough to provide sunlight.

The soil for the asparagus variety should be two-thirds earth and one-third humus. As a top dressing, you can use a complex fertilizer with phosphorus and potassium.

Bush beans

Because bush beans are heat-loving plants, it is important to adhere to late planting dates. When sowing, the soil temperature should be above 14 degrees to avoid seed death. The optimal time for planting bush varieties is the first decade of May. The depth of laying seeds - no more than two centimeters. After planting, cover material should be left on the ground to accelerate the emergence of seedlings.

Caring for beans in the garden

Beans need aeration, so the soil under seedlings should always be loose and cleared of weeds. Bean care involves the first loosening when the plant reaches 6-7 cm, the second - together with hilling after 2 weeks. The final loosening is carried out before closing the rows.

With abundant growth of bushes, it is allowed to cut off part of the leaves. With a dense planting, several bushes can be separated and transplanted to another place. If the bushes rise quickly, but do not branch or overgrow with foliage, you need to pinch their tops.

Irrigation

After germination and until the formation of 4-5 leaves, the bushes are watered 2-3 times a week so that the soil always remains moist. In the future, watering practically stops until the budding stage.At the beginning of bud development, seedlings can be watered once a week, avoiding excess moisture. For irrigation, settled warm water is suitable. Cold water treatment can adversely affect crop quality.

Features of feeding beans in the open field

During the growing season, the plant is fertilized 2-3 times. Before planting, humus is introduced into the bed, and the next top dressing is carried out when the first pair of leaves is available. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are used as top dressing in a ratio of 15-20 g per square of land.

At the stage of mass budding, another fertilization is required. During this period, the beans need an abundance of potassium, which can be replaced with wood ash if necessary. The final feeding is carried out at the ripening stage, a week before harvest.

Soil care

The soil on which beans are grown does not need specific care, but to get a good harvest, you need to follow basic agricultural practices and take care of the land. It is enough to provide constant watering, loosen the soil and timely eliminate weeds. To prevent increased vegetation growth at the expense of fruit formation, it is forbidden to fertilize the soil with nitrogen.

Harvest and storage of crops

The timing of the harvesting of beans directly depends on the type and variety of the crop grown. Asparagus beans should not be overexposed in the soil, as legumes in the dried state lose their beneficial properties. If you want to preserve the crop, you can even collect unripe fruits. Dried pods are suitable for winter harvesting.

It is not recommended to collect beans from all bushes at once, if some pods are still green.In the shade of their own leaves, seedlings can develop more slowly, so it is better to leave them to ripen, which will help increase the yield of beans. As a rule, subject to the rules of cultivation, the moment when you can pick fruits without the risk of picking an unripe crop comes 2-2.5 months after planting.

It is recommended to store the crop in a dry and cool place. Bean fruits can be folded into a canvas bag or glass containers. It is important that the crop is not exposed to direct sunlight. Beans should be thoroughly dried beforehand to prevent rotting during long-term storage. If desired, the harvested crop can be frozen by portioning it into several parts. This will allow you to always have a product on hand during the winter that will retain its original beneficial properties and taste.

Diseases and pests

Beans are considered one of the few crops that are completely resistant to pests. The only insects that attack plants are slugs.To prevent damage to beans by slugs, you need to weed the ground in a timely manner, without creating a favorable habitat for pests. When parasites are found, several traps should be placed near the bushes.

The main diseases inherent in the culture are bacterial rot. Root rot affects plants that dry out the edges of the roots, resulting in stunted growth and leaf fall. When seedlings become infected with powdery mildew, a white coating appears on the surface of the leaves, which eventually spreads to all ground parts, and the plants die. To combat diseases, it is necessary to treat the landing site with insecticidal fertilizers.

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