What oats look like: seeding rate per 1 ha in kg, cultivation technology and yield

Common oats are a common grain crop. This plant has long been used in agriculture for grain production. Consider what an oat plant looks like, where it grows, its advantages and disadvantages, its types and growing features. What are his predecessors, what are the rates of seed consumption. How to properly care for plants, how to protect against diseases and pests.

What oats look like

This is a 1-year-old plant of herbaceous type, a typical species of the genus is oats of the grass family. In agriculture, it is used as a grain crop.

Oats have spread as a plant unpretentious to climatic conditions and soil with a fairly short growing season. Cold-resistant, the seeds are able to germinate already at a temperature of +2 ° C, seedlings are not damaged by small frosts, which is why oats can be grown in the northern regions.

Oats grows up to 50-170 cm, the plant has a fibrous root. The stem is straight, thin, 3-6 mm in diameter, an adult plant has 2-4 nodes. The leaves are alternate, greenish-gray, linear type, rough. Length 20-45 cm, width 8-30 mm.

Inflorescence-panicle, sprawling, drooping, up to 25 cm long, there are 2-3 inflorescences on one plant. Consists of small flowers, collected in 2-3 pieces per petiole. Lower flowers with awn, upper ones without. Oats bloom in June-August, from the flowers a month after flowering, fruits are formed - grains.

The crop is grown for these fruits, which are used for food and animal feed. 1 kg of oats is taken as a feed unit - the standard of nutritional value of the feed.

Where it grows

Oats are the production crop of the temperate zone. It is more resistant to cold and rain than other cereals, and is not as demanding on heat. Gives a good harvest in regions with wet and cool summers. The largest crops are concentrated in Russia and Canada, Poland, Belarus and Finland.

Pros and cons

Culture strengths include:

• cold resistance, the ability of seeds to germinate in spring at minimal positive temperatures, the resistance of the winter variety to winter cold;
• wet and shade resistant;
• grow well in poor soils;
• good seed germination;
• sprouts quickly - 8 days from sowing;
• cheap seeds;
• growing with standard agricultural practices;
• ability to be a forerunner of different types of crops;
• yields average 8 tons per hectare in monoculture and 14 tons per hectare in rotation.

Flaws of culture:

• weakness of the root system;
• importance of hydration;
• does not tolerate heat well.

Types of sowing oats

In agriculture, two varieties of crops are grown - spring and winter. They differ in the length of the growing season and the timing of sowing.

Winter

A variety of oats with a long growing season, the seeds of which are sown in autumn, they germinate, grow to a certain height.Plants overwinter under snow and continue growing from spring. In the spring, a winter crop can use the moisture stored in the soil, resulting in higher yields and earlier grain harvest.

However, the winter variety is worse than the spring variety, it tolerates drought and is more demanding on the soil. Oats of this variety can be grown in the zone of steppes and forest-steppes.

Spring

Spring variety oats - a self-pollinating plant, undemanding to heat, with a vegetation period of 80-120 days. Spring oats are grown for the production of flour and cereals, fodder and green fodder for animals. The most valuable is naked oats, the grain of which includes more protein, starch and fat than hulled oats.

Features of cultivation

Cultivation of a crop is quite cost-effective, it quickly pays off with the resulting harvest. But for this it is necessary to carry out cultivation according to technology so that the plants develop and bear fruit abundantly. You need to start with the selection and preparation of seeds.

Etching

In order for plants to develop well, one cannot save on seed. Seeds must be selected, whole, full-bodied, not damaged by infections and pests. Before sowing, they must be dressed in a solution of fungicidal and insecticidal preparations to protect against rot and other diseases and from soil pests. Processing is carried out either a few days before sowing or within a year before it. The seeds are dried after processing, the coating of the substance keeps well, does not sprinkle.

Preparations protect seeds from infection after they enter the soil and during germination, which prevents the development of diseases and damage to seeds and young plants.

Sowing dates

In the spring, oats should be sown as early as possible when the weather permits. Moisture should remain in the ground, and the soil should warm up. It is impossible to be late with sowing, because if the seeds are sown 10 days later than the favorable period, the yield may decrease by 20%.

In autumn, the seeds of winter oats are sown at such a time that they germinate and take root before the onset of cold weather. On average, the height of plants can be 10 cm, in this state they can successfully overwinter.

The best predecessors

For this crop, the optimal species after which it can be sown are legumes, especially peas. They accumulate nitrogen on the roots, which is a good food for cereals. Oats can be grown in areas that used to grow potatoes, melons and corn. The value of this method lies in the fact that tillage is important for growing vegetables, which reduces weed infestation and keeps fields with oats clean.

After it, all crops are grown, except for cereals. Oats are considered a good green manure, so they are used to cleanse and fertilize the soil before growing other crops.

Seeding Rates

There is no exact norm for all agricultural regions, the amount of grain sown per unit area of grain depends on climatic and soil conditions. It is necessary to choose a value that would ensure a good harvest, and the optimal cost of seeds spent on sowing. If the sowing density is less or more, then the plants will not be able to develop well, which will affect the yield.

Average value of the amount of sowing oats per 1 ha in kg:

• Non-chernozem zone - 200-250;
• Central Black Earth - 150-170;
• Southeast - 110-130;
• Ukraine and North Caucasus - 130-170;
• Siberia and the Far East - 160-200.

On fertile, fertilized soil, this amount can be slightly reduced by 10-15%, on lean soil, on the contrary, increased by the same amount.

embedding depth

You can plant oat seeds in several ways, for example, narrow row or cross. The grains can be sown quite close to each other, as the plants are not too bushy and do not need a large feeding area.

How much to deepen the seeds into the soil depends on the climate of the area and the properties of the soil. In the northern regions, in which the soil is often wet and heavy, cold, the seeds need to be buried no more than 1.5-3 cm. -6 cm. An error in the choice of depth can lead to the fact that some of the seeds will not sprout. In the garden, as green manure, oats are sown in an amount of 2 kg per hundred square meters at the same depth.

Cultivation technology recommends rolling freshly sown seeds with rollers so that they are not blown away by the wind and moisture does not quickly evaporate.

Rules for plant care

Oats is a moisture-loving crop, so where there is little moisture, it is necessary to apply techniques that contribute to its accumulation and retention. Moisture contributes to the growth of the stem, leaves, grain filling and improvement of its quality. Oats are not as demanding on the soil as other cereals, in order to ensure the growth of plants, it is required to fertilize it well under the previous crop.

If oats are sown after early harvested crops, then tillage is carried out according to the semi-fallow type. If the crop is sown in autumn after sunflower, corn, potatoes, it is enough to carry out longitudinal and transverse disking. Especially if the soil is loose, the site is not overgrown with weeds. If the soil is dense, littered with weeds, deep plowing with harrowing is necessary.

Oats at different stages of development need all the nutrients - nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, so the fertilizers applied must include all these substances. Plants consume nitrogen throughout the growing season, especially during the formation of the ear and the setting of grains. Nitrogen also affects fruit quality during heading.

In potassium, the need of plants occurs during flowering. The yield and quality of the emerging grain depend on this element; in plants of the winter variety, their winter hardiness.

Oats need phosphorus throughout the entire period of growth, formation and ripening of grains. If the element is not enough in the growth phases preceding heading, this will significantly delay further vegetation and reduce crop productivity.

To get a high grain yield, you need to fertilize the soil on time and apply fertilizer in the right amount.

During the full growing season, oats remove the following amount of elements from the soil: to grow a centner of grain, plants spend 2.8 kg of nitrogen, 1.4 kg of phosphorus and 2.9 kg of potassium. Fertilizers applied in the fall for the winter variety make the grain resistant to adverse conditions, enhance tillering, and the plants go into wintering strong. Good quality grain with a high content of carbohydrates is given for the next season.

It often happens that winter crops look yellowed and oppressed in spring. You can correct the situation by feeding crops with superphosphate in the amount of 2 centners per hectare, potassium s alt in the amount of 1 centner and ammonium chloride in the amount of 0.75-1 centner.

Protection from diseases and pests

Oats, like other cereals, can suffer from fungal diseases. The main ones are helminthosporium root rot, crown rust, red-brown spotting. As well as powdery mildew, seed mold, dusty smut. Septoria, common smut, fusarium root rot are affected.

The sources of infection are the remains of previous crops, aboveground and roots, contaminated soil, pathogens can also be found on the seeds themselves. Contribute to the infection and spread of diseases thickening, infestation with weeds of the cereal family, humidity and temperature favorable for the development of fungi and bacteria.

How to fight:

• treat seeds with fungicides;
• plant varieties resistant to major diseases;
• observe crop rotation;
• to carry out autumn plowing;
• apply under fallow or under fertilizer precursors;
• treat the area with pesticides against weeds, diseases and pests to reduce their number.

It is also necessary to monitor the stored seed grain, treat it before storage with fungicides that prevent damage to the crop during storage.

Cultivation of oats as a crop can be economically profitable, profitable, subject to agro-technological practices and mandatory disease control. It is a crop for regions with a relatively cool and humid climate, tolerates cold and is unpretentious in terms of soil and fertility, and can grow and bear fruit in areas where other crops produce a small crop. It quickly sprouts and develops, it can be a green manure or a precursor for vegetable, industrial, fodder crops.With proper care, it gives a harvest that justifies the investment.

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