Grapes Kishmish black: description and characteristics of the variety, cultivation, varieties

Kishmish black grapes have been in demand for many years. A table sweet variety with small, inconspicuous seeds is easy to grow in temperate climates. Kishmish includes - flavonoids, vitamins A, C, folic acid, sucrose, glucose, fructose, fiber, minerals, essential oils, chlorophyll, quercetins. Calorie content 400 kcal per 100 g of product.

Origin of variety

Kishmish means "dried grapes" in Persian. It is mentioned as early as the 13th century. His homeland is Central Asia and the Middle East, he appeared along with the Turkic tribes. Breeders noticed that there were no seeds in it or there were very few of them and created new varieties based on Kishmish. There are also white, red, pink Kishmish.

Description and characteristics of black Kishmish grapes

The grapes of this variety are mid-ripening, table. The bush is vigorous, the length of the vine is up to 2-2.5 m. Its leaves are medium in size, strongly dissected, three-lobed, dark green. Flowers are bisexual, emerald green. The berries ripen 3 months after the start of flowering.

Kishmish bunches are cylindrical, dense, their weight is 300-700 g. The berries are not very large, oval, elongated at the top and slightly flattened at the bottom. One berry has a mass of 2.7-3 g, dark blue with a bluish wax coating. The pulp is juicy. The taste is delicate, fruity, sugar content is high, 22-27%.

They use fresh, dried dark Kishmish, compotes are made from berries, raisins are in demand in baking.

Pros and cons

Kishmish has a number of advantages:

berries do not contain seeds;
brings a big harvest - 250 centners per hectare;
can carry brushes for long distances;
easy to care for, like other varieties;
berries do not crack in rainy weather;
used for making wine, dried fruits, soft drinks.

The disadvantages of the variety are intolerance to low temperatures, susceptibility to diseases - oidimum, anthracnose and pest attacks - wasps, leafworms. After ripening, the berries must be removed immediately, otherwise they will lose their taste.

Features of cultivation

Take into account the timing and choose the right place for the grape variety.

Planting period

Kishmish grapes are planted in autumn or spring, in cold regions it is advised to do this in spring. Over the summer, the root system will strengthen. In the south, this variety can be planted in autumn. Purchase material for planting in specialized stores, nurseries, where there is a guarantee.

Site preparation

The place for a perennial plant is chosen free, unshaded, protected from the wind. The best option is south, southwest with a slight slope.

Suitable for the Kishmish variety are sandy, loamy, chernozem, chestnut soils. The site is dug up in advance and humus is added - 3-4 kg per 1 sq. m and superphosphate - 100 g per 1 sq. m. Phosphorite flour is added to acidic soil, coarse-grained sand to clay soil.

Boarding process

Vine bushes are planted at a distance of 2.5 m, between rows - 3 m. The roots of seedlings are cut, put in water for 1-2 days.

First, dig holes measuring 80 x 80 cm. Drainage is laid at the bottom, from gravel. The earth is mixed with rotted manure, superphosphate, potassium s alt. The seedling is installed, sprinkled with soil, leaving 2 eyes above the surface. Watered using two buckets per bush. They put special supports - posts with stretched wire. The soil is mulched with straw, rotted sawdust.

Specific plant care

In May, the overgrown vine is tied up, in June - pinched, remove the shoots. In July pinch the tops. The trunk circle is cleaned of weeds, loosened. The bush is formed in different ways - in the form of a fan sleeve or formation on a trellis. Weak, diseased, frozen shoots of grape varieties are removed in the spring.

Irrigation and fertilization

Strong watering Kishmish is not required. Every 4 days, 2-3 buckets of water are needed per variety bush. It is better to use drip irrigation. Watered in the spring before and after the shoots open, during active growth. No watering for 2 weeks before harvest.

Before the growing season, fertilizers with nitrogen are applied under the grape bush, then phosphorus-potassium. In autumn, nitrogen fertilizing is not required for grapes, organic matter is added, then complex mineral mixtures.

Preparing for winter season

Vine pruning is carried out in autumn. The formation of a variety bush involves 8-10 shoots per linear meter. Leave at least a meter between sleeves.

After removing the berries and pruning before the onset of cold weather, the bushes are treated with solutions of iron and copper. Fallen leaves are removed.

To protect from the cold, the vine is tied up and placed in dug trenches to a depth of 20 cm.

Sprinkle with soil, making a mound of 30 cm, or use agrofiber and create a canopy of branches. In addition, you can use straw, corn stalks.

Description of diseases and pests

Grapes are often affected by diseases. For prevention, you need to spray the bushes with Bordeaux liquid or take Ridomil Gold. Multiplicity - three times per season. They do this in the fall, after the leaves fall, in early spring before bud break, during the growing season when the shoots reach 12-15 cm.

Oidium

Powdery mildew appears first as small white spots on the buds. Then a white coating forms, turning into brown spots with an irregularly shaped gray coating and a moldy smell. Inflorescences stop growing, dry up, fall. If the berries are affected, they burst, harden and rot. Treat the vine before and after flowering. Repeat after 20 days and in early August. Preparations for oidium - colloidal sulfur, Strobi, Vectra, Tilt.

Mildew

Fungus spores germinate in wet weather.Oily yellow spots on leaves and veins. From the underside there is a gray fluff, then it passes to buds, flowers. The berries turn brown, burst, and ooze juice. The bushes need to be ventilated, the affected parts should be burned, treated with fungicides - copper oxychloride, Polyram, Thanos, when a fungus appears and for prevention.

Pests

He loves grapes. She eats ovaries, berries. When it appears, insecticide treatment is needed.

To protect juicy berries from the invasion of wasps, they drive them away with smoke or put special bags on each bunch. They put glasses-traps with poisonous bait. In some cases, chemical treatment is used.

Harvest and storage of crops

The minimum harvest of Kishmish berries can be obtained in a year. Brushes are collected in dry weather, in late August, early September. Berries are stored at a temperature of +1… +3 ^{С in a dark, dry place with good ventilation. Keep bunches on shelves with straw or in boxes.}

Varieties of Black Kishmish

Kishmish has several varieties with excellent taste of berries and immunity.

Black finger

The second name is Black finger, selected in Israel. The variety is distinguished by elongated large berries up to 3 cm long, weighing up to 14 g. Its clusters are 1-1.5 kg. The skin is dense. Has immunity to diseases, withstands frosts down to -20 ^{С. Delicious, sugar content 20%. After the beginning of the growing season, it ripens in 150 days.}

Black Emerald

It's called Black Emerald. Early variety, American. From the beginning of the growing season, the berries ripen after 105 days, at the end of July. Clusters weighing 400-600 g, berries 3-6 g with dense pulp. Brushes weigh 500 g. Its productivity is very high, but it is unstable to diseases. Tolerates temperatures of -23 ^C.

Black Sultan

Derived from hybrids of Glenora and Talisman. An early variety, ripens on the 120th day after bud break. The bush is tall, pollination is not required, clusters weighing up to 700 g. Berries with a fruity aroma, 2-5 g each. The sugar content of the variety is up to 24%. Withstands frosts down to -25 ^{С. It is immune to mildew, gray mold, oidium.}