Meat and dairy direction: which region of Russia is engaged in and top 10 breeds

The meat and dairy industries of agriculture are narrow-profile areas that are de alt with on an industrial scale. Animals give only milk or meat, but show high productivity. The meat and dairy direction is a mixed specialization. Cattle that give milk and meat are brought in private farms for their own needs. Before buying, you need to find out more about the breeds of meat and dairy cows and in what areas they are bred.

Features of direction

Dual cows' productivity may differ in favor of meat or dairy products, and conformation imperfections reduce meat quality. Differences between meat and dairy cows and narrow-profile cows:

• versatility;
• unpretentiousness in nutrition;
• maintaining productivity in cold climates.

Meat and dairy breeds can be crossed with narrowly focused ones.

Best meat and dairy cows

10 meat and dairy breeds are most often grown in domestic farms.

Bestuzhevskaya

The breed appeared in the 18th century in the village of Repyevka on the farm of breeder Bestuzhev. Local cows were crossed with Shorthorn, Dutch and Simmental breeds. The resulting individuals were distinguished by an elongated body, larger size and strong bones. Color - all shades of red, including cherry, with white spots on the belly, head and chest.

Pros and conshigh fat content of milk - 3.8-4.1 percent, reaches 5.5 percent;milk yield per cow - 3-5 tons per year;weight of bulls - 900-1200 kilograms;weight gain of calves - 700-900 grams per day, by the year they weigh 500 kilograms;lack of genetic predisposition to tuberculosis and leukemia.roof-shaped sloping sacrum - complicates childbirth;interception behind the shoulder blades - weakens the constitution of the body, a back deflection appears;saber-like set legs - shorten the steps, the load on the back increases.

Animals are highly reproductive, unpretentious in care and feeding. Valuable meat is obtained from cows with a straight broad back. Exterior flaws attribute the Bestuzhev breed more to the dairy type. It is bred at home - in the Ulyanovsk region, as well as in the farms of the Samara and Penza regions.

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Krasnogorbatovskaya

The breed was bred in the Nizhny Novgorod region as a result of crossing local and Tyrolean cows. The mix has a strong and dense physique. Color is cherry red. The Krasnogorbatovskaya breed is predominantly a meat direction.

Pros and consoutput after slaughter - 62 percent;average milk yield per year - 5 tons;high-fat milk - 4.5-5 percent;resistance to brucellosis, tuberculosis.saber-shaped hind legs;lumbar deflection;lowered sacrum;underdeveloped udder lobes.

Krasnogorbatovskaya breed is bred in the farms of the Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovo and Vladimir regions.

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Kostroma breed

A variety of dual direction cows approved after the end of the Great Patriotic War. She was raised on the Karavaevo farm. The selection used the Yaroslavl, Swiss and Algaus breeds. As a result, individuals with a wide body, a powerful skeleton and relief muscles appeared. Wool is dyed in light and dark shades of grey. Kostroma cows are highly productive breeds.

Pros and consfast growth;the standard weight of bulls is 850-950 kilograms and reaches a ton;the female gives 4-5 tons of milk per year with a fat content of 3.7-3.9 percent;longevity - live 25 years;consistently high milk yield throughout life;early puberty - at 13 months.milk is slowly expressed due to the irregular shape of the udder, which makes machine milking difficult;decrease in milk yield with a lack of succulent feed in the diet.

Kostroma cows are adapted to the harsh climate and increase milk yield on rough cheap feed.

In addition to the Kostroma region, farms in the Ivanovo and Vladimir regions are engaged in breeding the breed.

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Switzerland

The ancestors of Swiss cows are local Swiss and short-horned ancient Eastern livestock. As a result of selective selection, the Swiss breed arose with voluminous loose muscles, a wide chest, a shorter body and large horns. The wool is colored in a light gray shade, a dark brown color is less common. The back from the withers to the tail is lighter than the sides and belly.

Pros and consfat milk - 3.8 percent;annual milk yield of one cow - up to four tons;weight of bulls - 950 kilograms;output of meat products - 60%.in case of deviation from the norm of maintenance and nutrition, milk productivity decreases;only manual milking.

Females have underdeveloped udders, so milk is expressed at too low a rate for milking machines - 1.3 liters per minute. Swiss cows need free grazing in the summer in fields planted with legumes and red clover. Therefore, for proper nutrition, it will be necessary to organize an artificial pasture. The diet should also include hay, silage, fresh vegetables and bran, as well as sufficient water.

The farms of the Tula, Bryansk, Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod regions, as well as the Krasnodar Territory are breeding the Swiss breed.

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Simmental

The name comes from the Simmental Valley, where the breed was bred from Swiss and Scandinavian cattle. Russian breeders crossed foreign animals with local cows and raised regional modifications of the breed - Ural, Far East, Siberian, Volga. Color - fawn, motley with a red tint, with a white tip of the tail, light horns and hooves.

Pros and conshigh productivity is maintained in temperate and tropical latitudes;easily adapt to changes in diet;diseases are mild.prolonged puberty;a large fetus often leads to the death of first-calf heifers;high feed intake.

Females are ready for mating in their second year of life. The daily norm of dry food for Simmentals is 7 kilograms, and for juicy food - 4 kilograms. Pregnant and milking cows require more food. The Simmental breed is common in the Urals, southern Siberia, in all regions of the European part of Russia, except for the northwestern district.

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Caucasian brown

The birthplace of cows is the Caucasus, and the ancestors are Kostroma, Lebedinsky and Swiss. Animals are distinguished by a strong physique and brown color.

Pros and conshigh birth rate;valuable milk is used in the production of delicacies.meat yield - 50 percent;exterior flaws;content demanding.

Caucasian cows produce up to three calves per offspring. The Caucasian variety requires grazing on an artificial pasture with wheat, rye and alfalfa, in a mountainous area. Therefore, it is common in Dagestan.

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Arautskaya

The Kazakhstani breed is characterized by a strong build with short legs and a brown color.

Pros and consthe weight of the bulls reaches a ton;average annual milk yield - 4-5 tons;fat content of milk - 3.5-4 percent.pregnant cows consume more feed;prone to infection with helminths, ticks.

The Arautian cow is an unpretentious animal that is suitable for grazing without a leash.

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Lebedinskaya

The breed was bred by Ukrainian breeders by crossing Sumy cows and Swiss. Features of the Lebedinsky variety are well-developed muscles, straight legs and a large udder. Color - light gray or light brown.

Pros and consrapid weight gain;high milk yield - 5 tons per year.low fat content of milk - 3.8 percent.

Lebedinsky cows are common in the central regions of Russia.

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Yakutian

The ancestors of the breed are humpbacked sacred zebu cows common in India. Therefore, the exterior of animals is distinguished by convex withers and long warm hair. Yakut cattle are on the verge of extinction. For partial preservation, they were crossed with Simmentals.

Pros and consmarbled meat;fast weight gain;record fat content of milk - 11 percent.low milk yields - 1500-2000 kilograms per year;because of the small number can not be bred for meat.

Purebred livestock is available only in the Novosibirsk nursery at the Research Institute of Agriculture and in individual private farms. Yakut cows are the most unpretentious, they survive in frosts of -50 degrees and a poor diet.

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Yorkshire breed

The variety was bred by Scottish farmers in the 19th century. Horns of bulls with curved ends resemble a lyre in shape. Color - red-and-white, less often black, chocolate.

Pros and consthe udder is well developed, the milk is quickly milked, so it is possible to establish hardware milking;suitable for year-round grazing;early maturing - females are ready for mating at 14 months;animals consume less feed, but maintain a high milk yield.shy;need a lot of water.

To produce a liter of milk, a Yorkshire cow needs 880 grams of feed, and other breeds - 5 kilograms. Pregnant cows must be given s alt and chalk. Distribution area - northern regions of Russia.

I like it I don't like itFinal ranking tableBestuzhevskayaKrasnogorbatovskayaKostroma breedSwiss breedSimmental breedCaucasian brownArautskayaLebedinskayaYakutYorkshire breed

Subtleties of keeping at home

Basic information about the content of meat and dairy cows is displayed in the table:

In winter 3-5 times a day, in summer open access to feed in the pasture, food should always be available when fatteningMilking2-3 times a day, if there is a lot of milk - more often, but always at regular intervals and at the same timeSalmonellosis - at the age of one month.

Type of content	Stall-pasture
Feeding regimen
Drinking regimen	In summer 1-2 times a day, in winter - after meals
Fat for meat	From four to ten months
Vaccination	Anthrax - 1.5-4 months. FMD - from 3 months and annually throughout life. Rabies - at 6 months.

Cattle of dual orientation can be kept free-range with wintering in stalls or constantly kept in a barn and taken out for a walk. The cleanliness of the barn should be carefully monitored and bedding changed as often as necessary to maintain fresh air in the room.

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