Grapes in Udmurtia: planting and care, cultivation and description of the best varieties

Grapes in Udmurtia are nonsense, planting and caring for them are strikingly different from what is practiced in places of its natural growth. Severe climatic conditions - a short summer and a long harsh winter, leave a special imprint on the crop production of the region. To grow a native southern grape plant in such conditions, you need to choose the right variety.

List of grape varieties that are best suited for growing in Udmurtia

List:

• Don agate;
• Aleshenkin;
• Volga;
• Delight;
• Far Eastern Ramming;
• Clog Pearl;
• Sharov's riddle;
• Dawn of the North;
• Korinka Russian;
• The beauty of Nikopol;
• Beauty of the North;
• Crystal;
• Liepaja Amber;
• Madeleine Angevin;
• Malengr Early;
• Michurinsky;
• Moscow Steady;
• Muromets;
• Novgorod;
• Special;
• Memory Dombkowska;
• Platovsky;
• Early Ciravian;
• Russian Early;
• North;
• Tambov Pink;
• Chasla Ramming;
• Anniversary.

Characteristics of the best varieties

In the conditions of a short summer, not all frost-resistant grape varieties are able to ripen. The presence in the description of a short growing season is one of the fundamental characteristics when choosing. For growing a vineyard in open ground, the winter hardiness of a variety is very important, and resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases is not of particular importance for Udmurtia. There are no pathogens of grape diseases in this region - mildew, oidium, they die in severe frosts, even if their strains are brought along with seedlings.

Growing conditions and frost tolerance

Short but hot Udmurt summers and snowy winters are sufficient conditions for obtaining high-quality grape harvests from open ground. More than 5 calendar months should not elapse from the day the vine awakens until the harvest. Winter reigns in Udmurtia for 7 months a year.Since November, a thick snow blanket has been protecting the vine.

It is possible to reliably prepare a vineyard for wintering if the vegetation cycle of a variety lasts no more than 130 days. Early maturing varieties that are resistant to spring frosts can be considered the best choice.

Features of the structure of the bush

The aboveground and underground parts of the grape bush should develop organically - the root system should be able to penetrate up to 2.5-3 meters into the bowels of the earth, which is slightly below the freezing point of the soil. This will help the bush to overwinter without the risk of frostbite of the root system. The peculiarity of the roots is that their development continues both in summer and in winter.

The thickened (upper) underground part is the “head”, its he alth affects the development of the above-ground part of the perennial vine, the formation of bush sleeves. Thinner shoots extend from each sleeve. The number of sleeves depends on the characteristics of the variety - from 1 to 6 pcs. Shoots vary:

• Annuals formed this season.
• Ripened - growth from last season.
• Fruit shoots - fruit buds form on them.

Leaves of different varieties of grapes differ in dissection into 3 or 5 lobes. Grapevine - liana, clings to supports with thin curly shoots. The tendrils are strong enough to hold the crop branches on the trellis.

Grapes are a perennial plant with an average fruiting period of 40 years.

Landing in open ground in summer

In summer, the root system develops intensively. This is the reason for planting bushes in the ground during the hot season. By the onset of frost, the ends of the roots should reach a depth of more than 2 meters, where frost will not get through. In different varieties of grapes, the root system can withstand frosts from -5 to -9 ° C.

The dates for planting grapes in Udmurtia fall on the last days of May - the first ten days of June. The vine will begin to bear fruit only in the 3rd year.

Attention! Seedlings must be tied up, protected from the winds, but not shaded. The formation of the bush begins with the 2nd season.

Choosing a landing site and digging a hole

Soils not suitable for planting grapes - swamp, flooded areas, s alty soils. On other types of soil, the vine develops well and produces a crop. The trick of the Udmurt viticulturists is that they plant bushes on the south side of a monolithic brick fence.

So the plant is protected from the winds, and the sun has access to it. If there is no such fence, then they put up protection from slate. The southwestern slopes are the best place for a vineyard in Udmurtia, here the rocks rising from the opposite side will serve as a barrier to the winds.Melt water from the mountains flows quickly, which means that the roots of the grapes will be protected from excessive moisture.

What you need to pay attention to when choosing seedlings

The bark of seedlings should be smooth brown, a greenish tint indicates that you have a first year. These seedlings have the best adaptability. The root system of grape bushes for Udmurtia should be distinguished by a powerful rhizome. No damage to the bark, no shoots should be.

How to plant

Planting method - in a trench or a separate hole, depends on the characteristics of the soil on the site. On loamy and sandy soils, planting holes are mainly prepared. In the sandstones, plants are planted in a trench.

Width of the hole is not less than 1 m, depth is up to 1.5 m.

Seating by stepchildren

Having a vineyard on the site, you always have to thin it out in the summer, stepchild - remove fresh shoots that thicken the bush. Strong shoots and will become a worthy planting material. Having cut off the shoot, it is necessary to free it from excess foliage, for this all lower leaves are removed. No more than 3 of the youngest leaves should remain on the handle.

Cuttings are placed in water in which "Kornevin" or "Heteroauxin" are dissolved - root growth stimulants. Rooted cuttings:

• plunge into shallow pits;
• sprinkle with earth;
• excess leaves are removed from them, leaving 1 young and 1 embryonic;
• the plant is covered with a transparent plastic jar cut off by a bottle.

So the plant will have time to take root, take root.

Growing and care

A peculiarity of viticulture in Udmurtia is that a seedling of grapes planted in a pot after the first summer season is removed to a dark, cool place, and is not left to spend the winter with adult plants. It will be there only for the second season, this is a necessary measure when planting grape varieties with medium winter hardiness.

Crop and form a bush

Covering crops need low pruning of shoots, due to this, the number of sleeves - fruitful shoots increases (maximum 7). In the first year, only 1 bud is left to form the vine, everything else is pinched or cut with secateurs at the beginning of summer.

By the time the bush is prepared for winter, there should not be more than 10-12 buds left on the shoot, side shoots are removed without regret. The following year, the bush is strong enough to support the development of a second vine.By winter, it, like the first one, stops up to 10-12 eyes. As a result, a three-year-old seedling will already have 2 fruitful vines. In the third summer, the bush can be enriched with two more fruitful vines, increasing the yield of the 4th season. During the first 5-6 years, the structure of the bush is formed, then it remains only to maintain it.

Soil fertilization and foliar feeding

To maintain the strength of the bush at the initial stage of vegetation, nitrogen fertilizers are applied. After the formation of the ovaries, mineral dressings are carried out. Manure and humus are used as root top dressing. They are applied no more than once every 2-3 years when watering the plant before the winter cold.

Nitrogen-containing fertilizers are scattered around the vine trunk before watering. Foliar fertilizing with mineral fertilizers is also carried out. When planting seedlings, the fertile land in the planting hole is enriched with humus and phosphate fertilizers.

Irrigation of plants

Abundant watering is required for grapes at the beginning of flowering, the formation of ovaries, a set of juice with berries. No watering is done a month before harvest. Excessive moisture will make the crop sour.

Spring and autumn care

Pruning, moistening the soil, fertilizing, harvesting rotten or fallen leaves and fruits are essential steps in autumn and spring care.

In autumn, warming is necessary by mulching the soil, creating fences and wrapping bushes.

Preparing bushes for winter

Easy but not the most humane way:

• bend the vine to the ground;
• secure it with metal tape, staple;
• cover with a layer of earth 10-25 cm.

Method of creating a multilayer greenhouse:

• a tight plastic bag is put on the connected branches of the bush;
• burlap;
• 2nd layer of plastic film is pulled together at the base of the plant.

For vineyards planted in the lowlands, a more labor-intensive method of winter protection is used - the construction of wooden temporary shelters covered with roofing material from the outside is the best hydroprotection of the vine from melt water.

Tie the vine to the trellis

You need to tie up the vine before the juice begins to move, at this time it is more pliable and less vulnerable. With horizontal tying of the vine to the trellis, according to the observation of growers, the clusters are more weighty, the ripening of the berries improves.

Preventive treatment

A 3.5% solution of copper sulfate is used as a prophylaxis against fungal infections.

Harvest and storage of crops

Harvest occurs at the end of September - October. Storage, transportability, processing methods are entirely dependent on the characteristics of the varieties chosen for cultivation.

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