Pear care, rules for planting and growing in the open field with a photo

Since ancient times, the pear has been revered as one of the best garden plants along with the apple tree. According to the description, these 2 crops are similar, but growing a pear, caring for it is different from the agricultural technology of an apple tree. The pear is more thermophilic and does not tolerate the effects of low temperatures. But many plant varieties are parthenocarpic species, setting fruits without fertilization.

Popular varieties of pears

For gardeners, the choice of pear varieties depends on the purpose for which the fruit tree is grown and in which region. For fresh consumption of fruits, pears of early ripening are needed. Summer varieties ripen in July-August, among them it is preferable to plant:

Lemonka;
Quickly;
Rogneda;
Duchesse;
Lado.

These types of crops have tasty fruits, sweet and juicy, but they are stored for no more than 1-2 weeks. Among the autumn varieties that ripen from August to October, the best are Otradnenskaya, Bere Moskovskaya, Pamyati Yakovlev. In the pulp of the fruit, sweetness is combined with a slight sourness. But fresh pears are stored for up to 1.5 months. They are suitable for preparing blanks for the winter.

Winter varieties are paid attention to by those who try to keep the harvest until next spring, eating a vitamin product all winter. 1-2 trees of late ripening varieties Conference, Saratovka, Kure are enough to provide yourself with fresh fruits for the whole winter.

Pear propagation

Methods of propagation of fruit crops are both vegetative, seed or grafting. Their use depends on what they want to get as a result: a new plant with a set of positive qualities or to preserve the varietal characteristics of the old one.

Seed

Rootstock pear grows better from seed when frost-resistant varieties are selected for propagation. Seeds taken from early plant species can be immediately placed in open ground. Winter can appear only through sowing seedlings. Seeds will finally be ready for planting in late autumn - early winter. They are soaked in warm water for 3 days, then, mixed with wet sand, placed in a plastic bag. The material is stored at a temperature not lower than +5 degrees. As soon as seedlings appear, reduce the storage temperature to 0 degrees. In this form, they try to keep the sprouts until spring.

The material is planted in the ground so that the sprouts reach a stem thickness of 1 centimeter. Then they are used for vaccination.

Pear grafting

You can graft a pear to an apple tree, quince, hawthorn. The operation requires certain skills.But a novice gardener can also master the usual vaccination. In this case, it is necessary that the scion and rootstock were with the same thickness of the cuttings. They should have at least 3-4 kidneys. Having made identical cuts on the scion and rootstock, they are connected so that their cadmium coincides. It remains to tie the junction with a washcloth, and coat it with garden pitch on top. Suitable for fixing a regular band-aid.

The butt is grafted when the thickness of the rootstock is 1.5-2.5 centimeters. The stock, cut with bark and part of the wood, should have a cut width equal to the thickness of the scion. Connect both cuttings and tie. If the cuttings take root, then 2-3 shoots appear on them. The top one is kept, and the bottom one is pinched, leaving 2-3 leaves. They also use such methods of vaccination, as in the butt, behind the bark, by the kidney.

Shanks

Procurement of material for propagation begins in winter.Having broken off a young two-year-old branch without damaging the bark, it is left until April. Do not forget to tie a stick at the break point and wrap it with adhesive tape. In the spring, all fixtures are removed, and the stalk is cut off. Putting the branches in the water, they are waiting for the appearance of a bump at the end of the cutting. In this case, the roots should reach 6 centimeters in length. Rooted material is planted in the ground.

Layers

A box with wet soil is placed under the lower branch on the tree. At the junction with the ground at the branch, cuts are made and sprinkled with compost. Constantly monitor that the layering has enough moisture. For the winter they cover with spruce branches. For the rooting of the layering to occur, it is necessary to wait 2 years. Then they just transplant the shoot to a permanent place.

Features of growing pears

Growth, fruiting and longevity of fruit plants depend on the choice of a plot in the garden for pears. The basis of pear longevity is laid at a young age of the tree, when the skeleton of the underground and aboveground parts of the plant is being formed.

Importance of lighting

Fruit crops bear fruit better in sunlit areas. Light is needed so that there is more sugar in the fruits. Trees in the shade often get scab and other infections. But not all varieties tolerate extreme heat, so the best slopes will be northern, northeastern, northwestern and western.

In order for the flowers not to be damaged by frost, it is necessary to choose a site in the hollow. It should be flat or have a slight slope.

Soil Requirements

The soil for the plant is suitable for chernozem, slightly podzolized. But on sandy, heavy clay soils, the culture develops worse. Swampy, stony and saline soils will be unsuitable for pears. Before planting, the trees check the depth of groundwater. They should be at a depth of 2 meters to the surface of the earth.

How to plant a tree the right way

To grow a pear, you need to pay special attention to planting crops in the garden. The time of planting, the quality of the planting material, the condition of the soil on the site will also be important.

Date of planting

Both spring and autumn are suitable for the procedure. In April, as soon as the snow melts, you can plant pears in the pits prepared in the fall. It is important that sap flow does not begin at this time, the kidneys are not ready to bloom. Autumn planting will be successful until October 10 in areas with an early onset of winter. If the seedlings are purchased later, then they are dug into a groove half a meter deep. Covers the roots especially well. Protect seedlings from frost and rodent damage by covering the top with brushwood or non-woven material. They are planted in the spring.

You can plant a pear in the summer, but with a closed root system, when soil is preserved on the roots. The pear is in a container and spills well. Choose for planting such days in July, when it is cloudy, not hot.

Seedling selection and preparation

Saplings are suitable for cultivation, which should have moist, undamaged roots, an elastic stem without flaws. Annual shoots can have 1-2 lateral shoots up to 12 centimeters long. It is necessary to choose biennial seedlings with branches up to 30 centimeters and roots of the same length. Before planting, slightly dried roots are dipped in water. You can also nourish the roots in a solution of honey, mullein infusionNeed pruning of rotten and damaged roots.

If you need to transplant a plant from a container, then be sure to moisten the soil well. The shoot is carefully pulled out of the pot, trying not to damage the clod of earth on the roots.

Choosing a landing site

In addition to good lighting and evenness of the area for pears, it is necessary to allocate enough space for the tree. The accumulation of groundwater and shading of the plant will lead to the fact that it will develop poorly and bear fruit.

Culture loves soil nutritious, loose, permeable, with neutral acidity.

Preparing the landing pit

Dig holes for seedlings in advance, 2-3 weeks in advance, in autumn during spring planting. The upper fertile layer is folded in one direction, and the lower one in the other. It is then scattered between the rows, not used when planting. The bottom is loosened, and then a place is determined for driving the landing stake. The optimal dimensions of the pit will be 50-70 centimeters deep and 75-100 wide.

Immediately before planting pears in open ground, mix 2-3 buckets of humus, 200-300 grams of mineral fertilizers with a nutrient layer and fill the pit by 3 quarters. On acidic soils, add 200 grams of slaked lime. Then a bucket of humus is poured in to prepare a mound for planting.

Distance between seedlings

It is necessary to break up a plot for pears, taking into account what gap to leave between the trees. It is better to plant in rows with a distance of 4 to 5 meters, the seedlings are also separated from each other. After all, a young garden will grow, and the trees will need plenty of light, nutrition and moisture.

Plant pattern

According to the step-by-step instructions, planting begins with placing the seedling in the hole, determining the position of the root collar. It is necessary to plant a plant so that the neck is 1-2 centimeters above the surface of loose soil. With dense soil - at surface level. After that, they begin to fill the hole with earth, spreading the roots of the tree along the mound at the bottom. When planting, the seedling is constantly shaken so that the clods of earth are distributed between the roots.

Then, around the tree, the soil is crushed by movements of the sole from the edge of the pit to the trunk of the tree. It is necessary to make a roller around the seedling to mark the boundaries of the hole. Moisten the soil with water from a watering can, evenly distributing moisture. One hole takes up to 3-5 buckets of water. It is necessary to plant fruit crops on a cloudy day or in the evening.

Care after landing

To create a strong and powerful tree skeleton, you need to properly care for the fruit crop.This includes not only the usual activities - watering, top dressing, but also the formation of a tree crown, protection from pests and diseases. The rules of pear farming are simple, but they must be followed regularly.

Irrigation

Humidification is necessary for pears, especially during dry periods. Starting from planting, water no more than 2-3 times per season. During the fruiting period, the need for moisture increases. In order not to water the pears often, a layer of mulch is placed in the near-stem circle.

Keep in this state the soil around the tree in dry periods constantly, in wet seasons - 1 year. Mulch is best laid over the snow to retain moisture. In the autumn, having dug up the near-trunk circle, the plants are fed. You can’t dig deep, so as not to damage the roots. Mulch should not be placed close to the trunk of a tree.

Fertilization

In addition to basic fertilizers, proper care also includes fertilizing with mullein, diluted with water in a ratio of 1:5, or bird droppings - 1:12.It is useful to first dilute organic fertilizers with a concentration of 1:3 with water, keep in a barrel for 3-5 days, and then bring to the desired proportion and water the fruit trees.

First fertilize in May, when buds open, and then after flowering. Grooves are made under the tree, into which mineral fertilizers are applied. They can be replaced with wood ash, 50 grams per bucket of water. For 2-3 linear meters of furrow, you will need 1 bucket of nutrient solution.

Cutting

To obtain rich harvests, sanitary, shaping pruning of the tree crown is carried out annually. In the spring, the overgrowth is pruned, located on the trunk 40 centimeters from the ground. At the border, 1 eye is left, and above 2 with a distance between them of 25 centimeters. Prune regularly and branches of the first order by 20-30 centimeters. Every year the degree of pruning must be reduced. When the growth is at the level of 25-30 centimeters, then the branches are not shortened.

Krone shaping guidelines should be based on the age of the tree. In 4-5-year-old crops that begin to bear fruit, annual shoots are not shortened. Otherwise, you can lose the fruit. All that remains is the work of thinning the crown. To do this, remove those branches that go inside the crown, cross, hang down. Removing part of the wood from two-year-old shoots, they cause a stronger increase in the tree.

Pear protection from pests and diseases

In the care of fruit crops, protection against diseases and pests is one of the main places. Although pear varieties have been bred that are not afraid of infections, it is necessary to be able to take preventive measures to protect plants from the effects of pathogenic microorganisms.

Prevention measures

To prevent the development of diseases in a pear, you must:

Timely fertilization, watering, pruning.
Regularly weed and loosen the trunk circle.
After harvesting, remove fallen fruits, leaves, cut branches by burning them.
Whiten tree trunks to protect against sunburn in winter and spring.
Spray with a 3% solution of copper sulfate before bud break and after leaf fall.

The likelihood of fruit crop diseases and pest damage is reduced when competent plant care is carried out.

Types of pear diseases and protection measures

Pear trees need protection from:

scab;
moniliosa;
Septoria;
cytosporosis.

These fungal infections affect the stems, fruits, leaves of the plant. They must be controlled with fungicides. In this case, the parts of the tree affected by the disease are cut and burned. Worse than pathogenic fungi is bacterial cancer, which can completely destroy a pear plantation. Cutting out cancer-damaged areas of the tree, treat them with fungicides and fill them with garden pitch.

Use of biological products to protect pears from pests

To combat pests of fruit crops - aphids, spider mites, codling moth, you can use biological products. All May trees are sprayed with tobacco infusion. For 5 liters of water, take 1 kilogram of shag waste or tobacco dust. They insist for a day, then put on fire and boil for an hour. The settled solution after filtering must be diluted. A bucket of water needs 0.5 liters. Add another 100 grams of laundry soap and process the pears.

In good, calm weather, treatment with Fitosporin M, Novosil, green soap is effective.

Harvest and storage of crops

Pears are harvested when they reach technical maturity. It depends on the ripening period of the fruit. Often, pear trees do not begin to yield immediately after planting. You need to know what year the variety bears fruit in order to wait for the harvest. Winter crop varieties are laid for storage. The fruits are sorted, removing rotten and damaged. They can be put into blanks. The rest of the fruits are laid out in boxes, which are placed in cellars and cellars, where the air temperature will be within +1 … -2 degrees. Every year the fruiting of the pear will decrease.

Therefore, it is necessary to choose for planting those crops that are known, from how many years they will give rich harvests and what is the duration of their life.

Is it possible to plant one pear on the plot

In a dacha with a small area, you can’t plant many pears, but two are needed. If the varieties are not self-pollinating, then one pear will not produce a crop. She needs pollinators nearby. Among the culture, parthenocarpic species are found. This is Bere Zimnyaya, In memory of Yakovlev, Chizhovskaya. Such a tree and one will give good harvests of delicious pears. Most cultivars need nearby trees to help produce fruit.