Pea structure: fruit and flower, seedling root, leaf arrangement and venation
Peas are a common crop that is very popular among many gardeners. This plant is often used in cooking and serves as an excellent decoration of the garden plot. At the same time, not every person is familiar with the structure of peas, its fruits and flowers, seedling roots, leaf arrangement and venation.
Description of culture
It is believed that peas originated in Southwest Asia. Archaeological research allows us to trace the spread of this culture around the world. More than 20 thousand years ago, this plant was cultivated in many countries along with cereals - wheat, barley and millet.The vegetable was popular among the poor in France, England and other countries. At the same time, he came to the New World only at the end of the fifteenth century.
Peas are one of the fastest growing legumes. Its vegetation period varies from 65 to 140 days. As a rule, at the stage of a closed flower, self-pollination of the culture occurs. However, in hot and dry weather, open flowering is often observed, which creates the conditions for cross-pollination. The culture blooms for 10-40 days.
The plant goes through several stages in its development - the appearance of sprouts, budding, flowering and ripening. The second two stages are distinguished by a pronounced layering. This means that flowering and fruit formation starts from the bottom of the stem and gradually moves towards the top. In the same period, the formation of the maximum amount of greenery is observed.
Expert opinionZarechny Maxim ValerievichAgronomist with 12 years of experience. Our best gardening expert.Ask a QuestionPea is a very photophilous plant. With a lack of illumination, oppression of culture is observed. Therefore, it should be grown in open areas without shading. It is important to protect the beds from the wind.Germination of peas begins already at a temperature of +1-2 degrees. In this case, the formation of vegetative organs occurs at + 12-16 degrees. In general, the most favorable temperature regime for growing this crop is + 5-19 degrees. However, the plant is able to withstand frosts down to -8.
When growing a crop, it is important to consider that it is considered to be very demanding on the amount of moisture. As development progresses, the need for water only increases. A lack of irrigation leads to a decrease in yield, and an excess - increases the growing season. With proper maintenance of the moisture level, the stem of the plant becomes strong, and the fruits become juicy.
Optimal humidity parameters for peas are 70-80%. At the same time, the maximum sensitivity to irrigation is observed in the plant during flowering and fruit formation. It is best to moisten the beds 1-2 times a week. In this case, you should use quite a lot of water - up to 10 liters per 1 square meter. In hot and dry weather, this amount is increased to 15 liters. After watering the beds, it is desirable to loosen.
Peas are best grown in a balanced soil. It should not contain excess nitrogen. In this case, the soil must contain a sufficient amount of minerals. A suitable option would be fertile soil with a neutral reaction. At the same time, it is important to avoid high occurrence of groundwater and acidification of the soil.
Her structure
Pea is an annual plant that belongs to the genus of herbaceous crops and the legume family. In Latin it is called "Pisum" . The ground part of the culture is covered with a wax coating. However, some varieties lack it.
Roots
This plant has a tap root system that can penetrate up to 1.5 meters deep. At the same time, it branches widely. If nodule bacteria are already present in the soil in which the crop is growing, nodules may form in areas of the root system. This favorably affects the accumulation of nitrogen in the soil. This substance is well reflected in the development of all cultures. After peas, any garden plants grow well - first of all, cabbage, root crops, nightshade and pumpkin crops.
Stem
Peas are characterized by a grassy, slightly climbing stem of a rounded shape. Its length varies from 25 centimeters to 3 meters - it all depends on the variety and growing conditions. On this basis, peas are divided into the following categories:
- dwarf or short - does not exceed 50 centimeters in height;
- semi-dwarf - its height is 51-80 centimeters;
- medium - reaches 81-150 centimeters;
- high - grows up to 1.5-3 meters.
In addition, the stem is divided into the following varieties:
- simple or decumbent - reaches 0.5-1 meters in size;
- fasciated - also called bush or standard and includes from 7 to 21 knots.
Leaf arrangement
Peas are characterized by an opposite arrangement. This means that in the node there are 2 leaves opposite each other. The plant has a large stipule, which is shaped like a half heart. On it and the leaves there is a grayish pattern that casts silver. In appearance, it looks like a mosaic. The size and location of this element are different and represent the varietal characteristics of the plant.
Peas are characterized by compound leaves, which are arranged in 2-3 pairs per petiole.They can be feathery and end in antennae. With the help of these elements, the plant is attached to a support. Like other monocotyledonous crops, pea leaves are characterized by reticulate venation.
There are also other types of pea leaves:
- acacia - this leaf is devoid of tendrils and is located on the top of the bush;
- whiskered - is an unpaired mustache that forms instead of leaves;
- multiple pinnate - is a highly branched vein that ends with 3-5 microscopic leaves.
An important sign of the variety of a crop is the color of its leaves. However, it largely depends on the conditions of growth and care. Depending on the shape, the leaves can be oblong, round, ovate and obovate. The color can also be different - light green, dark green, yellow-green, bluish.
Fruits
Peas are characterized by moth-like flowers. At the same time, the inflorescence of the culture is a brush, which includes 1-2 flowers. They are bisexual and self-pollinating. As for the color, the flowers are usually white, pale pink or light yellow. There are also purple or reddish shades. Flowers include 10 stamens and 1 pistil. In this case, 9 stamens are connected and surround the pistil, while 1 stamen is located separately.
After flowering, fruits called pods appear on pea bushes. They differ in shape and are straight, curved, sickle-shaped. The length of the beans also varies. It varies from 4 to 12 centimeters. There are 4-10 peas in 1 pod.
Peas are a popular garden crop that many people grow. For this process to be successful, you need to familiarize yourself with the structure of the plant and the main features of its agricultural technology.
