Groundwater map: occurrence levels by regions of Russia, why you need to know
The water regime of the soil plays a significant role in increasing fertility. Atmospheric precipitation is the main source of soil moisture, but the proximity of water horizons to the earth's surface must be taken into account. Thanks to the groundwater map, it is possible to correctly plan the location of the beds on the site, to select types of plant crops adapted to develop in specific conditions.
What is groundwater
An aquifer located close to the surface of the earth contains groundwater having a free water surface.Most often, moisture is contained in loose poorly cemented rocks, mountain cracks. The thickness of the horizon is a variable value, it depends on the properties of moisture-containing rocks.
Ground water horizons do not differ in the pressure inherent in artesian. Recharge sources:
- precipitation;
- rivers, reservoirs, lakes;
- underground sources of neighboring horizons;
- water vapor condensate.
The level of occurrence varies by zone and depends on seasonality. In the tundra areas, waters are located close to the surface of the earth, and in desert zones, water layers are found no higher than 60-95 meters. It is noteworthy that moisture is most often readily available for practical use, but pure liquid at shallow depths is rare.
Groundwater map
Quality characteristics, depth of occurrence - important parameters that must be considered when choosing a location for a well, when building a foundation for a house or any building, when arranging storm sewers or planning beds on a site. It is hydrogeological maps that contain information on the formation of groundwater horizons, the features of their distribution and the conditions of occurrence.
Maps of several types are drawn up for the intended purpose. Most common types:
- general reflect the location of aquifers, describe the composition and characteristics, water abundance;
- maps of the main aquifers reflect their area of distribution, water levels and salinity;
- special help assess groundwater reserves, solve water supply problems.
According to the coverage of the territory, there are survey, small-scale, medium-scale, large-scale, detailed maps.
Table of depths by region
Characteristics of the depth of groundwater must be taken into account in the construction of structures (since water gradually destroys concrete), while providing water supply to settlements and industrial enterprises. The easiest way to compare indicators is in the form of a table. occurrence, in meters
| Ryazanskaya | |
| Nizhny Novgorod | |
| Kaluga | |
| Krasnodar Territory | |
| Rostov region | |
When studying the map of water horizons in Russia, one must take into account that their depth changes over time, and it is advisable to take into account the parameters of the last 3-5 years.The problem is man-made flooding of varying degrees of intensity of urban areas, caused by fluctuations in the level of horizons. This process contributes to waterlogging of the soil, changes in vegetation cover, slope creep, water ingress into structures (as in the city of Salsk, Rostov Region).
When assessing the water regime of the soil on the site, all sources of moisture must be taken into account. The main moistening of the soil is provided by atmospheric precipitation and irrigation water. The role of groundwater in the process is determined by the depth of occurrence, the water-lifting feature of the earth.
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